WHAT IS LINGUISTIC?
linguistic is the study of human language, mean that every language has their own characreistic, from how a word pronouce till how a sententence mean, in otther hand, linguistic is the study of human language in universal, linguistic also study about why every country has thier own feature in english, for example: Singaporean English (Singlish) is different with British English, also British English is different with Australian and those American. Although they have the same kind of language, but they will have different pronouncation in a word.
Liguistic has some fields of study, such as phonology, morphology, syntax, semantic, etc., but we only got these four in linguistic class, so if any other one, we may not talk about it.
1. Phonology
In Phonology is the study of speech sound in a particuar language, how we pronounce of the word . Although it is the same segment,and it can be pronounce different in different word. And the different sound may distinctive the meaning.
Example:
Can /kən/
Ball /bͻ:l/
Segment [a] pronounce different.....
• Phonology is the component of a grammar made up of the elements and principles how sounds vary and pattern in a language.
• Phonetics is a study of language that examining the inventory and structure of the sounds of speech.
Phonetic means relating to the sound of a word or to the sounds that are
- Complementary distribution
Speech sounds in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme.
E.g., [ph] and [p] are in complementary distribution in English.
spit [spIt] pit [sphIt]
2. morphology
morphology is the study about structure of words, how a new word that we never found before can be formed. morphology refers to the way word are constructed with stems, prefixes,and suffixes
Example:
Lexeme and word form, lexeme is the base word it self and the word form is the variety of lexeme, e.g. lexeme GO has word : go, goes, went, gone, going. It mean that if “GO” combined with a sentence, it is not lexeme but it is word form.
Allomorphy
the same distinction is effected by alternative forms of a word are called allomorphy.The rules in morphology that are described as analogies between word forms: pig is to pigss , and as dish is to dishes.In this case, the analogy applies both to the form of the words and to their meaning: in each pair, the first word means "one of ", while the second "two or more of X", and the difference is always the plural form -s affixed to the second word, signaling the key distinction between singular and plural entities.
One of the largest sources of complexity in morphology is that this one to one correspondence between meaning and form scarcely applies to every case in the language. In English, we have word form pairs like ox/oxen, goose/geese, and sheep/sheep, where the difference between the singular and the plural is signaled in a way that departs from the regular pattern, or is not signaled at all. Even cases considered "regular", with the final -s, are not so simple; the -s in dogs is not pronounced the same way as the -s in cats, and in a plural like dishes, an "extra" vowel appears before the -s. These cases,
3. syntax
syntax is the study of sentence structure, how we create a sentence grammatically correctthe ways that words can be put together, or are put together in order to make a sentences.
A verb phrase is the syntactic category consisting of a verb and its complements or the adjuncts. This category most typically functions as a predicate (Trask 1993)
• adam ran out the clock in the fourth quarter.
• adam looks happy
• adam is in the hospital
• adam kicked her car
Back Formation
Definition
Back-formation is the process of creating a new word by removing part of the word.
Example.:
Editor – edit
Typewriter – typewrite
Syntax can be describe as follow:
a. statement of the correct sequence of the parts of speech (or Syntactic Categories):
Subject is followed by verb is followed by object.
In the above example,
subject = "The boy" (article followed by noun)
verb = "kicked"
object = "The ball" (article followed by noun)
b. by a series olf transformation rules
S= NP+VP
VP= Verb + NP
NP= Art + noun
c. by parsing diagram
Sentence
 |
Noun phrase (subject) verb phrase (predicate)Article noun verb noun phrase
(objects)
Article noun- semantic
semantic is the study of meaning,semantic is used to describe things deal with the meaning of words and sentences, how a sentence have different meaning with the other one although they have the same word but different sentence will distinguish it’s meaning
ex: a. He is quite bright
b. The weather is very bright today
both word bright is same but has different meaning, for sentence a. It mean he is clever, and the sentence b. Mean the weatthat the wordsher is shiny.....
Identifying the features I
1. (a) widow, mother, sister, aunt, maid
(b) widower, father, brother, uncle, valet
à The (a) and (b) words are
à The (a) words are
à The (b) words are
2. (a) bachelor, paperboy, pope, chief
(b) bull, rooster, drake, ram
à The (a) and (b) words are
à The (a) words are
à The (b) words are
Identifying the features II
School course
[+place to study] [+place to study]
[+has student] [+has student]
[+formal] [- formal]
References
Anderson, D.W. (1968).Teaching linguistic, DC: National Education Association.
Trask (1993). functions as a predicate of sintactic
